This research examines the phenomenon of the complete and systematic exclusion of women from the Roman cult of Mithras, a mystery religion that spread widely throughout the Roman Empire during the first centuries AD. The study adopts a historical-analytical methodology, drawing upon a diverse range of archaeological evidence and classical texts, aiming to provide a comprehensive explanation for this unique phenomenon. The findings indicate that the absence of women was not merely a reflection of prevailing social norms but was the result of a complex interaction between several intertwined factors. Theologically, a purely masculine mythology, embodied in the tauroctony (bull-slaying scene) and the exclusion of any feminine symbolism in the creation process, formed the ideological basis for this exclusion. On a socio-political level, the cult's close ties to the Roman army and all-male professional associations (collegia) structurally prevented the integration of women. In terms of ritual, the initiation ceremonies and sacred banquets were specifically designed for the male body and reinforced the concept of a sacred male brotherhood. A comparative analysis with other contemporary mystery religions reveals the exceptional nature of this exclusion, which constrained the cult's social dynamism and contributed to its gradual decline. Finally, the research offers a comparison with the Islamic model, analyzing how a gender-transcendent theological teleology, coupled with a regulated legal and ethical framework that directs roles and responsibilities rather than imposing an ontological exclusion, has contributed to building a more expansive and enduring religious community.